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‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ وﯾﺪﺋﻮﻫﺎی ﺧﱪی در ﻟﻨﺰ اﯾﺮان‬ ‫‪KAYHAN LONDON ONLINE‬‬

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‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻭ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫‪Page 16‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻰ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ )ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ( ـ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 35‬ـ ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ‪ 29‬ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪ 1394‬ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪16‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 8‬ﺻﻔﺮ ‪ 1437‬ﻗﻤﺮﻯ ـ ‪ 20‬ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ ‪ 2015‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻬـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻬـﺎ ِﻥ ﻟﻨـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻬـﺎ ِﻥ‬
‫‪No.35 Friday 20 November 2015‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺗـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﻧـﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﺭﻳـﺪ‬
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‫‪e-mail: [email protected] - www.kayhanlondon.london‬‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻧﮓ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻮﺩﻙ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻰﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﺩﺑﻴﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻥ ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﺍﻯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ«‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﻣﮕﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ‬ ‫]…[ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ ﻭ ﻗﻮﻣﻰ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻰﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻯﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﻮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻳﺖ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫»ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﺳﻤﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺖ‪» :‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻯ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻯ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺤﺒﺖﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻧﺸﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﻯ ﺭﺳﻤﻰ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻰﻫﺎﻯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﺗﻤﻰ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﻰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ » ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ« ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺁﻗﺎﻯ ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻰﮔﺮﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺳﻜﻮﻻﺭﻳﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻪﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻛﻨﺪ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫»ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺳﺒﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ«‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ »ﻣﺮﻍ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ«‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪» :‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪» :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻫﻢﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ« )ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺰ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺟﺰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ »ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺗﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺷﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ«‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ »ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ )ﺩﻳﻨﻰ( ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺪﻭﻡ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺪﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻯ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ؟ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ »ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ« ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻯ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪» :‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺎﺭﻯ* ﻗﺎﺿﻰ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻯ** ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺻﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺧﻴﺮ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ‬
‫‪* C. G. Weeramantry‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻭ ]ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻯ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻰ[***ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪** International Court of‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬
‫)‪Justice (ICJ‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ«‪.‬‬
‫‪*** Islamic jurisprudence:‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ »ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫‪an international perspective‬‬

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