Page 7 - (کیهان لندن - سال سى و سوم ـ شماره ۲۲ (دوره جديد

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪7‬ـ ‪ Page 7‬ـ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪22‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ‪ 21‬ﺗﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﺸﻨﺒﻪ ‪ 27‬ﺍﻭﺕ ‪2015‬‬

‫ﻣﻰﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ »ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺰﺩ« ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ« ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻳﺤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮﻯ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ 2300‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺁﻧﺘﻴﻮﺧﻮﺱ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻻﺭﻧﺎﻛﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ ‪ 14‬ﻗﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻯ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻰﻫﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺑﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪9000‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺍﻣﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻻﺯﺍﺭﻭﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺷﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻯ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﻳﺤﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﮓ ﮔﻮﮔﻤﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻣﻮﻯ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮﻯ »ﻳﺮﻳﻜﻮ« ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﻩ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﺷﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺪﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2800‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺩﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 70‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺘﻴﻖ ﺫﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﻨﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺠﺪﻯ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﻣﻪ ﺍﺭﺑﻴﻞ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ‪332‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ 11‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺑﻴﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﮔﺎﺭﻳﺘﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻐﻮﻝﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺵ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻋﻴﻼﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﺷﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺵ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻳﺤﺎ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻨﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ 4200‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻫﻜﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ‪ 1450‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫‪ 7000‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺑﺎﺑِﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﺷﻮﺵ ﺭﻭﺯﮔﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻰ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺮﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻋﻴﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻯ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﺍﺵ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ‪ 5000‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻰ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﺌﺎﺗﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺮﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﺭﺷﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺗﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺵ‬

‫ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺭﺃﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺍﺯﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺑﻴﺴﺖﺷﻬﺮﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪14،‬ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‪،‬ﻳﻜﻰﺩﺭﺷﺒﻪﻗﺎﺭﻩﻫﻨﺪﻭﺗﻨﻬﺎ‪ 5‬ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺭﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺲ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻮﻭﺩﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1260‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ‪ 2200 ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ 1100‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﻣﻰﺁﺳﻴﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﮔﺎﺭﻳﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺟﻰﻫﺎ ﻫﻢﺗﺒﺎﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮﻯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻮﻭﺩﻳﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻯ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺒﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻗﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﻰﺯﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﻛﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺻﻠﺢ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪4000‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﻛﻮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﺩژ ﻫﻮﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﮓ«‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺵ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ »ﻛﺮﺧﻪ ﺩ ﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ »ﺭﺍﻩ ﺷﺎﻩ«‬
‫ﻓﻨﻴﻘﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺥ« ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ »ﺍﺭگ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻰ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﻴﭗ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪» .‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺷﺎﻩ« ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺩﻳﺲ ﺷﻬﺮﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ »ﮔﺮﻣﻜﺎﻥ« ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺖﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻧﺪ ﺭﻭﻯ‬ ‫»ﻓﻴﻠﻴﭙﻮﭘﻮﻟﻰ« ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺐ ﭘﺮﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪1100‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺩﺷﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻜﻰ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﺳﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﻪﺟﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪ 46‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 4300‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺁﺩﻳﺎﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﺩﻳﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻠﺐ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﮓ ﺩژﻫﻮﺩﺍﺵ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﻜﻰﺍﺵ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺮﻧﮕﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻰﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺗﻼﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﻴﺘﻰ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻣﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﺦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻬﺮﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺰﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻰ ﺳﺎﺭﺩ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺰﺍﻧﺴﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻮﺑﻰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻯ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1500‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﺷﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻰ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺎﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻠﺦ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ‪ 52‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻠﻮﻭﺩﻳﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺪﻳﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﺭﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻣﻰﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪ 44‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻄﻰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻚ ﺑﻠﺦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺩﻳﺲ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎﺋﻰ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺘﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭ ‪ 2750‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻯ ﺑﻪ ‪ 4000‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ ﺭﻭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﺦ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺪﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ ﺑﻴﺰﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪522‬‬ ‫ﻗﺴﺮﻯ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺼﺮﻯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﺷﺪﺕ« ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﻟﻴﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻨﻴﻘﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﺗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﻥ« ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻛﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒﺪﻯ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﺰ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﮕﻴﺰﺧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻯ ﺭﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 4300‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻴﻘﻰﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻣﻰﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﺭﻛﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﺦ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺟﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 711‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺎﻟﻰﺍﺵ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﮕﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻰﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻄﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﺬﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﺴﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻰ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 3000‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺁﺗﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1400‬ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻠﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪﺍ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫‪ 1000‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻴﻘﻰﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺭﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﺧﺮﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺑﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ »ﺍﺭﺑﻊ ﺋﻴﻼ« ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﮔﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﺸﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ 480‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ ﺁﺗﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺋﻴﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﺍﺋﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺋﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻻﻣﻴﺲ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫»ﺷﻴﻮﺍ«‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﺍﻳﺎﻥﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺐﻧﺸﻴﻨﻰ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺍﻛﺒﺮﺷﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻩﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﻰﮔﻮﻯ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 529‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ ﺁﺗﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻨﺎﺭﺱ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﻯ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺍ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﻼﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﻇﻒﺍﻧﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬